\b;Wyrażenia
Expressions are used for various calculations with many different variables, which return the desired result. What distinguishes them from standard instructions are operators, which are described below.

Specifically speaking, an expression is an ordered series of operations which yield a result. Operations consist of operators, which are special \l;functions\u cbot\function; \c;T f(t1 x1, t2 x2, ..., tn xn)\n;, where \c;xi\n; is a value of type \c;ti\n;, and \c;T\n; is the result type. For example, \c;float +(float a, float b)\n; returns a sum of values \c;a\n; and \c;b\n;. Note: Operators are a part of the CBOT language and they cannot be defined in program. Also, the operators cannot be used as usual \l;functions\u cbot\function;, they need to be written using a special notation depending on the operator, for example \c;a+b\n;.

In nearly all operations, \l;constants\u cbot;, \l;variables\u cbot\var;, \l;functions\u cbot\function; returning non-\l;void\u cbot\void; type and also other operations can be used as values.

\b;Binary operations
Assuming that \c;a\n;, \c;b\n; can be values of declared and initialized variables of types \c;t1\n; and \c;t2\n;, the binary operations can be described as follows:
\s;\c;r = a op b\n;
Where \c;r\n; is the result of the operation and \c;op\n; is a binary operator which works with values of types \c;t1\n; and \c;t2\n;.

\t;Order of operations
Let \c;a op1 b op2 c\n; be a legal expression, then the following rules apply:
o If \c;op1 == op2\n; or \c;op1\n; is as strong as \c;op2\n; or \c;op1\n; is stronger than \c;op2\n;, first calculate \c;a op1 b\n; and store its result in a temporary variable \c;r\n;, then calculate \c;r op2 c\n;, which is the final result of the expression.
o If \c;op1\n; is weaker than \c;op2\n;, first calculate \c;b op2 c\n; and store its result in a temporary variable \c;r\n;, then calculate \c;a op1 r\n;, which is the final result of the expression.

Note: an operation can be made stronger by surrounding it in brackets, so for example assuming that \c;op1\n; is weaker than \c;op2\n;, in an expression \c;(a op1 b) op2 c\n; the \c;a op1 b\n; operation will be executed first.

Tip: always use brackets if you are not sure about the order of operations, do not try to remember how strong are each of the operators. Generally it should be fairly obvious.

Here is a complicated example, which uses arithemtic operations described below, showing how expressions are calculated:
\c;Assume a, b, c, d, x, y, z, e are all initialized variables of type float or int. Then the following expression should be calculated the following way:
  a * b + c - d / x % (y * z) - e =
= r1 + c - d / x % (y * z) - e    = , r1 = a * b
= r2 - d / x % (y * z) - e        = , r2 = r1 + c
= r2 - r3 % (y * z) - e           = , r3 = d / x
= r2 - r3 % r4 - e                = , r4 = y * z
= r2 - r5 - e                     = , r5 = r3 % r4
= r6 - e                          = , r6 = r2 - r5
= r7                                , r7 = r6 - e
r7 is the final result of this expression.
\n;

\b;Assignment operator
\c;=\n; is the assignment operator. It is used to store the result of an expression in a variable.

On the left side of this operator there must be so called l-value and on the right side - r-value. L-values are just \l;variables\u cbot\var;\n;, r-values are expressions or just usual values. This makes the assignment operator kind of special, because what is l-value is pretty restrictive (it cannot be an expression, constant and so on, only single variable). Also, the type of l-value must match the type of r-value (unless a conversion is possible, for example assigning a \c;\l;float\u cbot\float;\n; to \c;\l;int\u cbot\int;\n;).

Note: it may be not obvious at first, but notice that \c;=\n; is an *operator* not an instruction. This mean that it can be used in the middle of an other expression! The result of \c;=\n; is the value which was assigned to the l-value - the result of the expression on the right. Example:
\c;
\s; float a;
\s; float b = 2.0 * (a = 4.0); // b == 8.0
\n;
This example is actually really confusing, but this property is actually useful, because it lets doing something like this:
\c;
\s; float a, b, c, d, e;
\s; a = b = c = d = e = 1.0; // a == b == c == d == e == 1.0
\n;
\b;Basic arithmetic operations
Binary operators below are working with fundamental number types (\c;\l;int\u cbot\int;\n;, \c;\l;float\u cbot\float;\n;).

\t;List
\c;+\n;  addition
\c;-\n;  subtraction
\c;*\n;  multiplication
\c;/\n;  division
\c;%\n;  remainder of the division (only for the type \c;\l;int\u cbot\int;\n;)

\t;Notes
o The \c;*\n;, \c;/\n;, \c;%\n; are all stronger than \c;+\n; and \c;-\n;.
o The result \l;type\u cbot\type; is always \c;\l;float\u cbot\float;\n;. If \c;a\n; or \c;b\n; are of type \c;\l;int\u cbot\int;\n;, they are automatically converted to \c;\l;float\u cbot\float;\n;. Note: this means that results of intermediate calculations tends to be as precise as possible, the precision is lost only during converting the final (\c;\l;float\u cbot\float;\n;) result to \c;\l;int\u cbot\int;\n;, for example by the assignment \c;=\n; operator.

\t;Real life examples
\c;
\s; int    i = 12 + 3;      // i == 15
\s; int    i = 2 - 5;       // i == -3
\s; 
\s; float  f = 3.01 * 10;   // f == 30.1
\s; 
\s; int    i = 5 / 3;       // i == 1 (automatic conversion to int)
\s; float  f = 5 / 3;       // f == 1.67
\s; float  f = 5 / 0;       // returns an error (division by zero)
\s; 
\s; int    i = 13 % 5;      // i == 3
\s; int    i = -8 % 3;      // i == -2
\s; 
\s; float  f = sin(90) * i; // f == -2.0
\s; 
\n;
\t;Compound assignment operators
Besides the \c;=\n; operator for variable assignment there are several compound-assignment operators.

The compound-assignment operators combine the \c;=\n; assignment operator with another binary operator such as \c;+\n; or \c;-\n;. Compound-assignment operators perform the operation specified by the additional operator and then assign the result to the left operand. For example, a compound-assignment expression such as
\s;\c;lvalue += expression\n;
jest równoważne
\s;\c;lvalue = lvalue + expression\n;

\t;List
\c;+=\n;  dodawanie
\c;-=\n;  odejmowanie
\c;*=\n;  mnożenie
\c;/=\n;  dzielenie
\c;%=\n;  reszta z dzielenia (tylko dla typu całkowitego \c;\l;int\u cbot\int;\n;)

\b;String concatenation
If at least one of the values used with the \c;+\n; operator is a \l;string\u cbot\string;, then the operation of concatenation is performed. The result of the operator is then a string, which is created by joining end-to-end the string and the other value. If the other value is not a string, then it is converted to string beforehand.

\t;Przykłady
\c;
\s;	string s = "a" + "bc";  // returns "abc"
\s;	string s = 1 + "bc";    // returns "1bc"
\s;	string s = 2.5 + "bc";  // returns "2.5bc"
\s;	string s = "a" + true;  // returns "atrue"
\n;
Tip: the properties of the concatenation \c;+\n; operator is useful with the \l;message();\u cbot\message; function, because it does not work with other types than string. An empty string can be used together with a value in order to create a string, which actually can be passed to the \l;message();\u cbot\message; function:
\c;
\s; float pi = 3.14;
\s; // message(pi); // does not work
\s; message(""+pi);
\n;
\b;Comparison operators
Comparison operators work with values of type \l;float\u cbot\bool; and they always return a \l;bool\u cbot\bool;. They are mainly used in \l;conditions\u cbot\cond;.

\t;List
\c;a == b  \n;\c;a\n; równe \c;b\n;
\c;a != b  \n;\c;a\n; różne od \c;b\n;
\c;a <  b  \n;\c;a\n; mniejsze od \c;b\n;
\c;a <= b  \n;\c;a\n; mniejsze od lub równe \c;b\n;
\c;a >  b  \n;\c;a\n; większe od \c;b\n;
\c;a >= b  \n;\c;a\n; wi��ksze od lub równe \c;b\n;

\t;Przykłady
\c;12 == 12  \n;daje w wyniku true
\c;45 != 47  \n;daje w wyniku true 
\c;99 == 98  \n;daje w wyniku false
\c;12 <  -1  \n;daje w wyniku false
\c;12 >= 10  \n;daje w wyniku true 
\c;12 >= 12  \n;daje w wyniku true 

\t;Uwaga
Nie należy mylić operatora porównania \c;==\n; z operatorem przypisania wartości \l;zmiennej\u cbot\var; \c;=\n;.

\c;a == b\n; jest wyrażeniem porównującym \c;a\n; z \c;b\n;.
\c;a = b\n; jest wyrażeniem kopiującym wartość \c;b\n; do \c;a\n;.

\b;Logical operators
Logical operators work with values of type \l;bool\u cbot\bool; and they always return a \l;bool\u cbot\bool;. They are mainly used in \l;conditions\u cbot\cond;.

\t;List
\c;!a      \n;not \c;a\n;
\c;a && b  \n;\c;a\n; and \c;b\n;
\c;a || b  \n;\c;a\n; or \c;b\n;

\t;Przykłady
\c;!false        \n;returns true
\c;true && false \n;returns false 
\c;true || false \n;returns true

\b;Ternary operator
The ternary operator is nothing more than a syntax sugar. It is also known as "inline if". It might be confusing at first, because its syntax is a little more complicated than other operators. It can be described as follows:
\c;(condition) ? (result when true) : (result when false)\n;
Brackets are not needed.

Firstly, the condition is valued and then the first result is returned if the condition is true, otherwise the second result is returned.

\t;Example
\s;\c;float c = ((3.0 > 2.0) ? 10.0 : -10.0); // c == 10.0\n;

\b;Bitwise operators
Bitwise operators are similar to the logical operator, because they are operating on bits (which can be only 0 or 1, conditions can have a value only of false or true). So in theory, they should be working with basically any type of variable, because each value in the computer must be stored as a sequence of bits.

\t;List
\c;a & b  \n;\c;a\n; AND \c;b\n;
\c;a | b  \n;\c;a\n; OR \c;b\n;
\c;a ^ b  \n;\c;a\n; XOR \c;b\n;
\c;a >> b  \n;shift bits of \c;a\n; to the right \c;b\n; times
\c;a << b  \n;shift bits of \c;a\n; to the left \c;b\n; times

\t;Przykłady
\c;2 & 1         \n;returns 0
\c;2 | 1         \n;returns 3
\c;2 ^ 2         \n;returns 0
\c;2 >> 1        \n;returns 1
\c;2 << 1        \n;returns 4

\b;Prefix and postfix increment- and decrement operators
Operatory \c;++\n; i \c;--\n; umożliwiają wygodny i zwarty zapis zwiększania (++) lub zmiejszania (--) zmiennych.

For example to increment the variable \c;a\n; you can write
\s;\c;a++;\n;
instead of
\s;\c;a = a + 1;\n;

The result of the operation \c;a++\n; is the value of the variable \c;a\n; *before* the increment. If you use the prefix operator \c;++a\n; the result of the operation is the value of the variable \c;a\n; *after* the increment. The same holds for the \c;--\n; decrement operator.

\t;Przykłady
\c;
\s; a = 2;
\s; b = a++;
\s; // now b contains 2 and a contains 3

\s; a = 2;
\s; b = ++a;
\s; // now b contains 3 and a contains 3
\n;
\t;Zobacz również
\l;Programowanie\u cbot;, \l;typy\u cbot\type; i \l;kategorie\u cbot\category;.
